TruCulture: Case studies

TruCulture has been utilized in dozens of clinical trials with demonstrated utility in understanding innate immunity, evaluating immune response to oncology treatments, understanding longitudinal changes in immunity and vaccine development. Open the case studies below for an overview of different studies that utilized TruCulture.

Below the case studies is a bibliography of publications that utilized TruCulture.

Restoration of innate immune function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Chroniclymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a cancer of mature B cells associated with immune dysregulation.

A 2024 study examined the innate immune function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients treated with acalabrutinib or ibrutinib + venetoclax. The study utilized TruCulture tubes to assess cytokine release in response to standardized stimuli and characterized innate immune phenotypes via flow cytometry. At baseline, patients exhibited impaired cytokine responses and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines.

However, after two to three cycles of targeted therapy, these responses normalized, correlating with a decrease in infection duration and frequency. The study highlights the potential of targeted treatments to restore innate immune function and reduce infection risk in CLL patients, with ongoing investigations in the PreVent-ACaLL phase 2 trial.

It also underscores the crucial role of TruCulture tubes in providing a standardized method to assess innate immune function, ensuring consistent and reliable measurement of cytokine responses.

Reference: Svanberg Teglgaard R, Marquart HV, HartlingHJ, Bay JT, da Cunha-Bang C, Brieghel C, et al. Improved innate immune functionin patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with targeted therapy inclinical trials. Clin Cancer Res. 2024;30(9):1959-1971. Available from: https://doi:10.1158/10780432.CCR-23-2522

Tailoring non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment, including PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors

In an open-label clinical study, 37 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were observed to evaluate the immune response to different treatments, including PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), chemotherapy (CT), and chemo-radiotherapy (CT/RT).

Blood samples were collected at several intervals and immune responses were analyzed using TruCulture tubes and a standardized immunoassay. TruCulture enabled precise monitoring of cytokine release as a measure of immune function for both intracellular and extracellular pathways, with researchers identifying an evolving immune response triggered by both immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.

Higher cytokine levels were observed prior to therapy and lower cytokines were observed after therapy, suggesting immune activation. The immune response from patients receiving chemotherapy correlated with 12-month survival, suggesting the prognostic value of this method.

These results indicate that TruCulture maybe an effective tool for early evaluation of response to immune check point inhibitors in NSCLC and other cancers, emphasizing the critical role of timing and understanding of immune function for precise immunomonitoring.

Reference: Ryssel H, Egebjerg K, Nielsen SD, LundgrenJ, Pøhl M, Langer SW, et al. Innate immune function during antineoplastic treatment is associated with 12-months survival in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1024224. Available from: https://doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024224

RIPK1 inhibition in inflammatory diseases

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) plays a crucial role in mediating necroptosis, a form of programmed necrosis implicated in various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. GSK2982772, a selective RIPK1 inhibitor, has shown promise in preventing RIPK1-mediated cell death and cytokine production.

Researchers used TruCulture tubes to determine the pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and repeated doses of GSK2982772 in healthy adult males. TruCulture tubes were supplemented with a cocktail (TNF-αα, zVAD, and Smac mimetic) to stimulate necroptosis.

Volunteers received, across 14 days:

1) placebo,

2) 20mg once daily,

3) 60mg once daily,

4) 60mg twice daily, or

5) 120mg twice daily.

Whole blood samples collected at multiple time points were incubated in TruCulture tubes. Supernatants analyzed for MIP-1αα production demonstrated that GSK2982772 inhibited RIPK1-dependent MIP-1αα production, with maximum inhibition observed at 1.5- and 8-hours post-treatment across all dosing groups.

This study demonstrated TruCulture’s effectiveness in assessing pharmacodynamic responses.

Reference: Weisel K, Scott NE, Tompson DJ, Votta BJ, Madhavan S, Povey K, et al. Randomized clinical study of safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of RIPK1 inhibitor GSK2982772 in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017 Dec;5(6):e00365. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.365

Enhancing anti-cancer immunity through NK cell modulation

Natural killer (NK) cell activation and killing of tumor cells are important innate responses in anti-cancer immunity. Modulating NK cell function by stimulating to ll-like receptors has been shown to enhance therapeutic efficacy of biologics. VTX-2337 is a TLR-8 agonist that activates NK cells by enhancing antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the presence of other clinical therapeutics (trastuzumab, rituximab, cetuximab).

In a 2016 study, whole blood was collected from healthy donors using TruCulture tubes containing 2 concentrations of VTX-2337 (0.3 or 1 μM) and incubated for 24 hours. Supernatant analysis showed that VTX-2337 stimulated IL-18 and IL-1ββ production, indicating cytokine production via TLR-8 engagement.

These results demonstrate the potential of VTX-2337 to boost anti-cancer immunity and highlight TruCulture’s advantage in studying immune responses.

Reference: Dietsch GN, Lu H, Yang Y, Morishim C, ChowLQ, Disis ML, et al. Coordinated activation of toll-like receptor8 (TLR8) andNLRP3 by the TLR8 agonist, VTX-2337, ignites tumoricidal natural killer cellactivity. PLOS One. Feb 29, 2016. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148764

Impact of smoking on immune responses

In a 2024 study published in Nature, researchers explored factors contributing to variability in immune responses.

Researchers examined 136 variables and identified smoking, latent cytomegalovirus infection, and body mass index as major contributors to cytokine response variability, comparable to age, sex and genetics.

Whole blood samples from 1,000 healthy donors were collected and stimulated using TruCulture tubes with various immune agonists, and cytokine levels were measured using our internally developed Luminex-based assays.

Smoking was found to influence cytokine secretion, affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. While the impact on innate responses diminishes rapidly after quitting smoking, the effect on adaptive responses remains long after cessation and is tied to epigenetic memory.

The study identified specific cytokines and immune responses affected by smoking, including associations with plasma levels of CEACAM6 and DNA methylation changes. The findings reveal that smoking has both short- and long-term effects on immune responses, with potential clinical implications for the risk of developing infections, cancers or autoimmune diseases.

TruCulture tubes provided a controlled environment for accurately assessing these immune responses.

Reference: Saint-André V, Charbit B, Biton A, RouillyV, Possémé C, Bertrand A, et al. Smoking changes adaptive immunity withpersistent effects. Nature. 2024;626(8000):827-835. Available from: https://doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06968-8

Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

In this study, TruCulture tubes were used as a standardized whole‑blood stimulation system to assess antigen‑specific T‑cell responses after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS‑CoV‑2 recombinant protein vaccine.

Blood samples collected at multiple time points were drawn directly into three types of TruCulture tubes:

- spike‑antigen tubes

- negative‑control tubes

- positive‑control tubes (SEB + CD28)

to measure cytokine secretion profiles ex vivo.

Using TruCulture provided high‑fidelity immune response readouts, enabling the researchers to profile Th1‑associated cytokines (IFN‑γ, IL‑2, TNF‑α), which increased after vaccination. TruCulture minimized pre-analytical variability, enabled high-throughput immune profiling at our lab, and differentiated between immune signatures, enabling clear comparison of cytokine profiles across vaccine arms and timepoints.

Reference: Goepfert PA, Fu B,Chabanon AL, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine formulations in healthy adults: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Infect Dis.2021;21(9):1257-1270. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00147-X

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Application of the TruCulture? whole blood stimulation system for immune response profiling in cattle (2020) OBrien MB, McLoughlin RM, Meade KG Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

Characterisation of the pharmacodynamic effects of the P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-54175446 using an oral dexamphetamine challenge model in healthy males in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose trial. (2020) Recourt K, van der Aart J, Jacobs G, de Kam M, Drevets W, van Nueten L, Kanhal K, Siebenga P, Zuiker R, Ravenstijn P, Timmers M, van Gerven J, de Boer P Journal of Psychopharmacology

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Preoperative TruCulture whole blood cytokine response predicts postoperative inflammation in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients - a pilot cohort study (2020) Aasvang EK, Pitter S, Hansen CP, Storkholm JH, Krohn PS, Burgdorf SK, Von Stemann JH, Lundgren JD, Nielsen SD, Kehlet H, Ostrowski SR Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Safety and efficacy of neurostimulation with a miniaturised vagus nerve stimulation device in patients with multidrug-refractory rheumatoid arthritis: a two-stage multicentre, randomised pilot study (2020) Genovese MC, Gaylis NB, Sikes D, Kivitz A, Horowitz DL, Peterfy C, Glass EV, Levine YA, Chernoff D The Lancet Rheumatology

Preclinical investigations and a first-in-human phase I trial of M4112, the first dual inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2,30dioxygenase 2, in patients with advanced solid tumors (2020) Naing A, Eder JP, Piha-Paul SA, Gimmi C, Hussey E, Zhang S, Hildebrand V, Hosagrahara V, Habermehl C, Moisan J, Papadopoulos KP Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer

First-in-human, single- and multiple-ascending dose studies in healthy subjects to assess pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety/tolerability of iberdomide, a novel cereblon E3 ligase modulator (2020) Ye Y, Gaudy A, Schafer P, Thomas M, Weiss D, Chen N, Liu L, Xue Y, Carayannopoulos L, Palmisano M Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development

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Immune profiling enables stratification of patients with active TB disease or M. tuberculosis infection (2020) Duffy D, Nemes E, Llibre A, Rouilly V, Musvosvi M, Smith N, Filander E, Africa H, Mabwe S, Jaxa L, Charbit B, Mulenga H, the Milieu Interieur Consortium, Tameris M, Walzl G, Malherbe S, Thomas S, Hatherill M, Bilek N, Scriba TJ, Albert ML Clinical Infectious Diseases

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation reduces pain and fatigue in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial (2020) Aranow C, Atish-Fregoso Y, Lesser M, Mackay M, Anderson E, Chavan S, Zanos TP, Datta-Chaundhuri T, Bouton C, Tracey KJ, Diamond B Annals of the rheumatic diseases

Immune response profiling of patients with spondyloarthritis reveals signalling networks mediating TNF-blocker function in vivo (2020) Menegatti S, Guillemot V, Latis E, Yahia-Cherbal H, Mittermuller D, Rouilly V, Mascia E, Rosine N, Koturan S, Millot G, Leloup C, Duffy D, Gleizes A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Milieu interieur Consortium, Sellam J, Berenbaum F, Miceli C, Dougados M, Bianchi E, Rogge L Ann Rheum Dis

Characterization of LY2775240, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in nonclinical models and in healthy subjects (2020) Patel DR, Urva S, Ho S, Buckman CJ, Ma Y, Lim J, Sissons SE, Zuniga MS, Philips D, Cox K, Dairaghi D Clinical and Translational Science

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Sex-specific differences in peripheral blood leukocyte transcriptional response to LPS are enriched for HLA region and X chromosome genes (2021) Stein MM, Conery M, Magnaye KM, Clay SM, Billstrand C, Nicolae R, Naughton K, Ober C, Thompson EE Scientific Reports

First-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ALPN-101, a dual CD28/ICOS antagonist, in healthy adult subjects (2021) Yang J, Lickliter JD, Hilson JL, Means GD, Sanderson RJ, Carley K, Tercero A, Manjarrez KL, Wiley JR, Peng SL Clinical and Translational Science

Novel approaches to develop biomarkers predicting treatment responses to TNF-blockers (2021) Mezghiche I, Yahia-Cherbal H, Rogge L, Bianchi E Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

Machine learning-based single cell and integrative analysis reveals that baseline mDC predisposition predicts protective Hepatitis B vaccine response (2021) Aevermann B, Shannon CP, Novotny M, Ben-Othman R, Cai B, Zhang Y, Ye JC, Kobor MS, Gladish N, Lee A, Blimke TM, Hancock RE, Llibre A, Duffy D, Koff WC, Sadarangani M, Tebbutt SJ, Kollmann TR, Scheuermann RH medRxiv

Novel signatures associated with systemic lupus erythematosus clinical response to IFN-a/-? inhibition (2021) Seridi L, Cesaroni M, Orillion A, Schreiter J, Chevrier M, Marciniak S, Migone TS, Stohl W, Chatham WW, Furie RA, Benson J, Jordan J Lupus

Primary human dendritic cells and whole-blood based assays to evaluate immuno-modulatory properties of heat-killed commensal bacteria (2021) Norton JE Jr., Kommineni S, Akrivoulis P, Gutierrez DA, Hazuda DJ, Swaminathan G Vaccines

Differential response induced by LPS and MPLA in immunocompetent and septic individuals (2021) Vega CA, Karakike E, Bartolo F, Mouton W, Cerrato E, Brengel-Pesce K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Mallet F, Trouillet-Assant S Clinical Immunology

Characterization of the pathophysiological determinants of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection using a challenge model in healthy adults (2021) van Hoffen E, Mercenier A, Vidal K, Benyacoub J, Schloesser J, Kardinaal A, Lucas-van de Bos E, van Alen I, Rogero I, Duintjer K, Berendts A, Albers R, Kleerebezem M, Bruggencate ST Scientific Reports

Functional immune reconstitution early after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A comparison of pre- and post-transplantation cytokine responses in stimulated whole-blood (2021) Gjaerde LK, Brooks PT, Andersen NS, Friss LS, Kornblit B, Petersen SL, Schjodt I, Nielsen SD, Ostrowski SR, Sengelov H Scandinavaian Journal of Immunology

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Distinct gene regulatory signatures of dominance rank and social bond strength in wild baboons (2021) Anderson JA, Lea AJ, Voyles TN, Akinyi MY, Nyakundi R, Ochola L, Omondi M, Nyundo F, Zhang Y, Campos FA, Alberts SC, Archie EA, Tung J bioRxiv preprint

Very-low-carbohydrate diet enhances human T-cell immunity through immunometabolic reprogramming (2021) Hirschberger S, Straub G, Effinger D, Marstaller X, Ferstl A, Muller MB, Wu T, Hubner M, Rahmel T, Mascolo H, Exner N, Heb J, Kreth FW, Unger K, Kreth S EMBO Molecular Medicine

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Systems biology methods applied to blood and tissue for comprehensive analysis of immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults (2020) Ben-Othman R, Cai B, Liu AC, Varankovich N, He D, Blimkie TM, Lee AH, Gill EE, Novotny M, Aevermann B, Drissler s, Shannon CP, McCann S, Marty K, Bjornson G, Edgar RD, Lin DTS, Gladish N, MacIsaac J, Amenyogbe N, Chan Q, Libre A, Collin J, Landais, E, Le K, Reiss SM, Koff WC, Havenar-Daughton C, Heran M, Sangha B, Walt D, Krajden M, Crotty S, Sok D, Briney B, Burton DR, Duffy D, Foster LJ, Mohn WW, Kobor MS, Tebbutt SJ, Brinkman RR, Scheuermann RH, Hancock REW, Kollmann TR, Sadarangani M Frontiers in Immunology

Whole-blood cytokine secretion assay as a high-throughput alternative for assessing the cell-mediated immunity profile after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine candidate (2022) De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Bonaparte M, Fu B, Garg S, Gerard C, Goepfert PA, Huang Y, Larocque D, McElrath MJ, Morris d, Van der Most R, de Bruyn G, Anke Pagnon Clinical & Translational Immunology

Cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients on ocrelizumab and other disease-modifying therapies: a multi-ethnic observational study (2022) Kister I, Patskovsky Y, Curtin R, Pei J, Perdomo K, Rimler Z, Voloshyna I, Samanovic MI, Cornelius AR, Velmurugu Y, Nyovanie S, Kim J, Tardio E, Bacon TE, Zhovtis L, Ryerson LZ, Raut P, Pedotti R, Hawker K, Raposo C, Priest J, Cabatingan M, Winger RC, Mulligan MJ, Krogsgaard M, Silverman GJ medRxiv

T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease (2022) Andre S, Picard M, Cezar R, Roux-Dalvai F, Alleaume-Butauz A, Soundaramourty C, Santa Cruz A, Mendes-Frias A, Gotti C, Leclercq M, Nicolas A, Tauzin A, Carvalho A, Capela c, Pedrosa J, Castro AG, Kundura L, Loubet P, Sotto A, Muller L, Lefrant JY, Roger C, Claret PG, Duvnjak S, Tran TA, Racine G, zghidi-Abouzid O, Nioche P, Silvestre R, Droit A, Mammano F, Corbeau P, Estaquier J CDD Press

CC-99677, a novel, oral, selective covalent MK2 inhibitor, sustainably reduces pro-infammatory cytokine production (2022) Rajula Gaur, Kofi A Mensah, Jason Stricker, Mary Adams, Anastasia Parton, Dorota Cedzik 1, Jamie Connarn 1, Michael Thomas, Gerald Horan, Peter Schafer, Stuart Mair, Maria Palmisano, Francisco Ram?rez-Valle Arthritis Research and Therapy

Exploration of the induced cytokine responses in European Lyme neuroborreliosis: A longitudinal cohort study (2022) Rosa Maja M?hring Gynthersen, Mathilde Orbaek, Helene Mens, Christian Stenor, Lothar Wiese, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Anne-Mette Lebech Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

Distinct Immune Reconstitution Profiles Captured by Immune Functional Assays at 6 Months Post Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2022) William Mouton, Anne Conrad, Vincent Alcazer, Mathilde Boccard, Maxime Bodinier, Guy Oriol, Fabien Subtil, Helene Labussiere-Wallet, Sophie Ducastelle-Lepretre, Fiorenza Barraco, Marie Balsat, Gaelle Fossard, Karen Brengel-Pesce, Florence Adler, Sophie Trouillet-Assant Transplantation and Cellular Therapy

First-in-human study of deucravacitinib: A selective, potent, allosteric small-molecule inhibitor of tyrosine kinase 2 (2022) Ian M Catlett, Urvi Aras, Lars Hansen, Yali Liu, Di Bei, Ihab G Girgis, Bindu Murthy Clinical Translational Science

Defective activation and regulation of type I interferon immunity is associated with increasing COVID-19 severity (2022) Nika?a Smith, C?line Poss?m?, Vincent Bondet, Jamie Sugrue, Liam Townsend, Bruno Charbit, Vincent Rouilly, Violaine Saint-Andr?, Tom Dott, Andre Rodriguez Pozo, Nader Yatim, Olivier Schwartz, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Jade Ghosn, Paul Bastard, Jean Laurent Casanova, Tali-Anne Szwebel, Benjamin Terrier, Niall Conlon, Cliona OFarrelly, Cl?ona N? Cheallaigh, Nollaig M Bourke, Darragh Duffy Nature Communciations

Innate immune function during antineoplastic treatment is associated with 12-months survival in non small cell lung cancer (2022) Heidi Ryssel, Kristian Egebjerg, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Jens Lundgren5,6, Mette P?hl, Seppo W. Langer2, Andreas Kjaer, Sisse Rye Ostrowski and Barbara Malene Fischer Frontiers in Immunology

Hybrid and vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in MS patients on different disease-modifying therapies (2022) Ilya Kister , Ryan Curtin, Jinglan Pei, Katherine Perdomo, Tamar E. Bacon, Iryna Voloshyna, Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology

Early and recent exposure to adversity, TLR-4 stimulated inflammation, and diurnal cortisol in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: A MAPP research network study (2023) Susan K Lutgendorf, Sharaf Zia, Yi Luo, Michael ODonnell, Adrie van Bokhoven, Catherine S Bradley, Robert Gallup, Jennifer Pierce, Bayley J Taple, Bruce D Naliboff, J Quentin Clemens, Karl J Kreder, Andrew Schrepf Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Target occupancy biomarker assay development using a conformation-selective antibody against small-molecule-bound TNF (2023) Elizabeth S Hickford, James O?Connell , Alison Maloney, Peter Florian, Geoffrey I Bioanalysis

Characterization of the central nervous system penetrant and selective purine P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-54175446 in patients with major depressive disorder (2023) Kasper Recourt, Peter de Boer, Peter van der Ark, Heike Benes, Joop M A van Gerven, Marc Ceusters, Luc van Nueten, Wayne C Drevets, Anindya Bhatacharya, Michael Browning, Gabriel E Jacobs Translational Psychiatry

Smoking changes adaptive immunity with persistent effects (2024) Violaine Saint-Andr?, Bruno Charbit3, Anne Biton, Vincent Rouilly, C?line Poss?m?, Anthony Bertrand, Maxime Rotival, Jacob Bergstedt, Etienne Patin, Matthew L. Albert, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Darragh Duffy Nature

Deep immune cell phenotyping and induced immune cell responses at admission stratified by BMI in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: An observational multicenter cohort pilot study (2024) Adin Sejdic. Hans Jakob Hartling, Jon Gitz Holler, Lars Klingen Gj?rde, Arnold Matovu Dungu, Maria Elizabeth Engel Moller, Rebecca Svanberg Teglgaard, Carsten Utoft Utoft Niemann, Patrick Terrence Brooks, Trine H. Mogensen, Nina Weis, Daria Podlekareva, Marie Louise Baum Jorgensen, Anne Ortved Gang, Ditte Stampe Hersby, Annemette Hald, Susanne Dam Nielsen, Anne-Mette Lebech, Marie Helleberg, Jens Lundgren, Kristina Tr?holt Franck, Thea K. Fischer, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Hanne Vibeke Marquart, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Clinical Immunology

Cytokine Autoantibodies Alter Gene Expression Profiles of Healthy Donors (2024) Jakob Hjorth von Stemann, Florian Dubois, Violaine Saint-Andr?, Vincent Bondet, Celine Posseme, Bruno Charbit, Lluis Quintana-Murci, Morten Bagge Hansen, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Darragh Duffy European Journal of Immunology

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Phagocytosis and digestion of pH-sensitive fluorescent dye (Eos-FP) transfected E. coli in whole blood assays from patients with severe sepsis and septic shock (2011) Schreiner L, Huber-Lang M, Weiss ME, Hohmann H, Schmolz M, Schneider EM J Cell Commun Signal. 2011 Jun;5(2):135-44

Discrimination of agonist and antagonist forms of CXCL10 in biologic samples (2011) Casrouge A, Bisiaux A, Stephen L, Schmolz M, Mapes J, Pfister C, Pol S, Mallet V, Albert ML Clin Exp Immunol. 2012 Jan;167(1):137-48

Synthetic Ligands Against TLR2-9 in TruCulture - whole blood assays distinguish clinical stages of SIRS (trauma) and sepsis (2010) Bindja J, Weiss ME, Schmolz M, Stein GM, Mapes J, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Joos TO, Schneider EM TSIS Mar 9-13th

Effects of Echinaforce? treatment on ex vivo-stimulated blood cells (2011) Ritchie MR, Gertsch J, Klein P, Schoop R Phytomedicine. 2011 Jul 15;18(10):826-31

Intraindividual long term stability and response corridors of cytokines in healthy volunteers detected by a standardized whole-blood culture system for bed-side application (2012) Mueller SC, M?rz R, Schmolz M, Drewelow B BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012 Aug 1;12(1):112

Autoantibodies to Variable Heavy (VH) Chain Ig Sequences in Humans Impact the Safety and Clinical Pharmacology of a VH Domain Antibody Antagonist of TNF-a Receptor 1 (2013) Holland MC, Wurthner JU, Morley PJ, Birchler MA, Lambert J, Albayaty M, Serone AP, Wilson R, Chen Y, Forrest RM, Cordy JC, Lipson DA, Bayliffe AI Journal of Clinical Immunology, July 2013

Identification of a molecular profile associated with immune status in first onset schizophrenia patients (2013) Herberth M, Rahmoune H, Schwarz E, Koethe D, Harris LW, Kranaster L, Witt SH, Spain M, Barnes A, Schmolz M, Leweke MF, Guest PC, Bahn S Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses

Immunomodulatory Activities of a Concentrated Fruit and Vegetable Juice Tested in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial in Healthy Volunteers (2014) Schmolz M, M?rz RW, Schaudt M, Schaudt C, Lauster C Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 5 No. 4, 2014, pp. 341-350

Functional Analysis via Standardized Whole-Blood Stimulation Systems Defines the Boundaries of a Healthy Immune Response to Complex Stimuli (2014) Duffy D, Rouilly V, Libri V, Hasan M, Beitz B, David M, Urrutia A, Bisiaux A, LaBrie ST, Dubois A, Boneca IG, Delval C, Thomas S, Rogge L, Schmolz M, Quintana-Murci L, Albert ML Immunity Volume 40, Issue 3, 20 March 2014, Pages 436?450

Identification of circulatory biomarkers from clinical trial samples (2015) Brunet LR, Bodman-Smith K, Bodman-Smith M, Kassam Z, Dalgleish A, LaBrie S and Hagemann T J Immunother Cancer

Exploring effects of a natural combination medicine on exercise-induced inflammatory immune response: A double-blind RCT (2014) Pilat C, Frech T, Wagner A, Kr?ger K, Hillebrecht A, Pons-K?hnemann J, Scheibelhut C, B?deker RH, Mooren FC Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014 Jun 12

Oxidative stress and reduced responsiveness of challenged circulating leukocytes following pulmonary instillation of metal-rich particulate matter in rats. (2014) Erdely A, Antonini JM, Young SH, Kashon ML, Gu JK, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Meighan T, Roberts JR, Zeidler-Erdely PC. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2014 Aug 15;11:34. doi: 10.1186/s12989-014-0034-8.

Immune cell profiling to guide therapeutic decisions in rheumatic diseases. (2015) Ermann J, Rao DA, Teslovich NC, Brenner MB, Raychaudhuri S. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015 Jun 2. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.71. [Epub ahead of print]

Specificity of human anti-variable heavy (VH) chain autoantibodies and impact on the design and clinical testing of a VH domain antibody antagonist of TNF-a receptor 1 (2015) Cordy JC, Morley PJ, Wright TJ, Birchler MA, Lewis AP, Emmins R, Chen YZ, Powley WM, Bareille PJ, Wilson R, Tonkyn J, Bayliffe AI, Lazaar AL. Clin Exp Immunol.

Late Stage Cancer Patients Remain Highly Responsive to Immune Activation by the Selective TLR8 Agonist Motolimod (VTX-2337) (2015) Dietsch GN, Randall TD, Gottardo R, Northfelt DW, Ramanathan RK, Cohen PA, Manjarrez KL, Newkirk M, Bryan JK, Hershberg RM Clinical Cancer Research

Coordinated Activation of Toll-Like Receptor8 (TLR8) and NLRP3 by the TLR8 Agonist, VTX-2337, Ignites Tumoricidal Natural Killer Cell Activity (2016) Dietsch GN, Lu H, Yang Y, Morishima C, Chow LQ, Disis ML, Hershberg RM PLoS ONE

Immune Monitoring Technology Primer: Immunoprofiling of Antigen-Stimulated Blood (2016) Brunet LR, LaBrie S, Hagemann T Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer

Noninvasive Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Whole Blood Culture-Derived Cytokines and Chemokines: A Randomized, Blinded, Healthy Control Pilot Trial (2016) Lerman I, Hauger R, Sorkin L, Proudfoot J, Davis B, Huang A, Lam K, Simon B, Baker DG Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface